Kautilya, also known as Chanakya and Vishnu Gupta, is widely regarded as the father of public finance in India.

The Arthashastra, written by Kautilya, is an ancient Indian text that extensively discusses public finance and economic policies.

Kautilya believed that the state should strive to balance its revenue needs with the welfare of its citizens.

Kautilya identified taxes, fees, and fines as the main sources of state revenue.

Kautilya did not propose a specific principle of taxation, but he emphasized the need for fair and equitable taxation.

Arthashastra encompasses the science of material gain, wealth, and public finance.

Manmohan Singh, former Prime Minister of India, is renowned for his contributions to public finance and economic planning.

Modern economic theory views public finance as a means to achieve multiple objectives, including maximizing social welfare, promoting economic growth, and reducing income inequality.

A proportional tax is levied at a constant rate on all taxpayers, regardless of their income or wealth.

The Laffer Curve illustrates the relationship between tax rates and tax revenue, suggesting that there is an optimal tax rate that maximizes government revenue.

Amartya Sen, Nobel laureate in Economics, is renowned for his contributions to optimal taxation and public finance.

Fiscal deficit is the difference between government revenue and government expenditure, indicating the amount of borrowing required to finance the government's activities.

Jagdish Bhagwati, Professor of Economics at Columbia University, is renowned for his contributions to public finance and development economics.

Public debt is the total amount of money owed by the government to its creditors, including individuals, businesses, and foreign countries.

Jagdish Bhagwati is renowned for his contributions to public finance and international trade, particularly his work on trade liberalization and economic development.