Permafrost refers to the ground that remains frozen for at least two consecutive years in areas with sub-zero temperatures.

Permafrost regions contain a significant amount of soil organic carbon, estimated to be around 25% of the global total.

Permafrost thaw can release both carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions.

Permafrost thaw refers to the process of permafrost melting or warming, leading to changes in its physical and chemical properties.

Permafrost thaw can lead to increased soil erosion, release of ancient pathogens, and disruption of infrastructure due to changes in ground stability.

Permafrost conditions favor the growth of specialized plant species adapted to cold environments, known as cryophytes.

Tundra refers to the treeless ecosystems found in permafrost regions, characterized by low temperatures, short growing seasons, and unique plant and animal communities.

Permafrost acts as a barrier to water flow, impeding drainage and promoting the formation of wetlands and lakes in permafrost regions.

Permafrost thaw can lead to increased water temperature, changes in water chemistry, and habitat loss for aquatic species, affecting the overall health and biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems.

Permafrost thaw can lead to ground subsidence and instability, posing challenges for the construction and maintenance of infrastructure in permafrost regions.

Permafrost thaw can have various impacts on human populations, including increased access to natural resources, displacement of indigenous communities, and loss of cultural heritage associated with permafrost environments.

Cryocontagion refers to the release of ancient pathogens and microorganisms from thawing permafrost, posing potential health risks to humans and animals.

Permafrost conditions favor the formation of unique landforms such as pingos (ice-cored hills) and palsas (peat mounds), which are characteristic features of permafrost regions.

Thermokarst refers to the process of soil collapse and subsidence caused by permafrost thaw, resulting in the formation of unique landforms such as thaw lakes, sinkholes, and gullies.

Permafrost thaw can release greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change.