Permafrost forms in regions where the average annual temperature remains below 0°C (32°F) for an extended period, typically at least two consecutive years.

Permafrost is most commonly found in polar regions, including the Arctic and Antarctic, where temperatures are consistently low throughout the year.

Permafrost can extend to depths of several hundred meters or even kilometers, depending on the local climate and geological conditions.

Permafrost degradation refers to the process by which permafrost thaws and transitions from a frozen to an unfrozen state.

Permafrost degradation can lead to the release of greenhouse gases, loss of biodiversity, and coastal erosion, among other environmental impacts.

The active layer is the uppermost layer of permafrost that thaws during the summer months and refreezes during the winter months.

Tundra is a type of vegetation characterized by low-growing plants, mosses, and lichens, which is commonly found in permafrost regions.

Cryoturbation is the process of ground freezing and thawing in permafrost regions, which can lead to the formation of various features such as frost heaves, needle ice, and pingos.

Pingos are conical hills or mounds of earth-covered ice found in permafrost regions, which are formed by the upward movement of water under pressure.

Permafrost degradation due to climate change is a major concern as it can lead to the release of greenhouse gases, loss of biodiversity, and coastal erosion, among other environmental impacts.

The Arctic is experiencing the most rapid permafrost degradation due to the effects of climate change, with some regions experiencing annual temperature increases of up to 4°C.

Permafrost aggradation refers to the process by which permafrost forms and expands, typically due to a decrease in temperature or an increase in snow accumulation.

Organic soil, such as peat and tundra soil, is most susceptible to permafrost formation due to its high water content and low thermal conductivity.

The permafrost table is the boundary between the active layer and the permafrost, which typically occurs at a depth where the ground temperature remains below 0°C (32°F) for two consecutive years.

Mining activities, particularly those involving the extraction of fossil fuels, can contribute to permafrost degradation by releasing heat and disturbing the ground surface.