Ancient Mesopotamians were primarily concerned with understanding the natural world and its phenomena, rather than abstract concepts like ethics or metaphysics.

The Atrahasis Epic, dating back to the 17th century BCE, is believed to be the earliest known philosophical work, containing themes of creation, morality, and the relationship between gods and humans.

The ancient Mesopotamians viewed the "me" as a combination of physical and spiritual elements, with the physical body being a temporary vessel for the immortal soul.

Divination was widely practiced in ancient Mesopotamia as a method of predicting the future and gaining insights into various aspects of life, such as health, wealth, and success.

Enki, also known as Ea, was the god of wisdom, knowledge, and water in ancient Mesopotamian mythology.

"Ma'at" was a central concept in ancient Mesopotamian thought, representing the cosmic order, harmony, and balance that governed the universe and human society.

The Instructions of Shuruppak is an ancient Mesopotamian text that contains a collection of proverbs, wisdom sayings, and ethical teachings.

Ethics in ancient Mesopotamian philosophy focused on establishing moral principles and guidelines for human conduct, emphasizing justice, honesty, and respect for others.

The Code of Hammurabi, dating back to the 18th century BCE, is considered to be the first law code in history, establishing a system of justice and legal principles.

"Temenos" in ancient Mesopotamian thought referred to a sacred space or sanctuary, often associated with temples and other religious sites.

Shamash was the ancient Mesopotamian god of justice, law, and the sun, often depicted as a dispenser of justice and protector of the innocent.

"Kismet" in ancient Mesopotamian thought referred to the concept of fate or destiny, the predetermined course of events that individuals had little control over.

The Atrahasis Epic is an ancient Mesopotamian text that contains a creation myth and the story of the great flood, predating the more famous Epic of Gilgamesh.

"Abzu" in ancient Mesopotamian thought referred to the primordial waters, the source of all life and creation, often associated with the god Enki.

Inanna, also known as Ishtar, was the ancient Mesopotamian goddess of love, beauty, fertility, and war, often depicted as a powerful and independent deity.