Microscopy is a technique that uses a microscope to magnify and visualize microorganisms, allowing researchers to study their morphology, structure, and behavior.

Staining techniques are used to differentiate microorganisms based on their structural components, chemical composition, or metabolic activities, aiding in their identification and classification.

Culturing is a technique that involves providing microorganisms with a suitable growth medium and conditions to multiply and grow, allowing researchers to study their growth patterns, metabolic activities, and interactions.

PCR is a technique that amplifies specific DNA sequences, allowing researchers to detect, identify, and quantify microorganisms, even in small or complex samples.

Turbidimetry is a technique that measures the optical density or turbidity of a microbial culture, providing an indirect measurement of microbial growth and population density.

Aseptic techniques are used to prevent contamination of microorganisms from the environment or other sources, ensuring the purity and integrity of microbial cultures and experiments.

Centrifugation is a technique that uses centrifugal force to separate microorganisms based on their size, density, or other physical properties.

Selective media are designed to allow the growth of specific microorganisms while inhibiting the growth of others, aiding in the isolation and identification of target organisms.

Respirometry is a technique that measures the rate of oxygen consumption or carbon dioxide production by microorganisms, providing insights into their metabolic activity and energy production.

Antibiotics are antimicrobial agents that are used to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms, aiding in the treatment of infections and controlling microbial populations.

Bacteriophage therapy involves using bacteriophages, viruses that infect and kill bacteria, as a treatment for bacterial infections.

Bioinformatics is a field that uses computational tools and techniques to analyze and interpret biological data, including microbial genomes, sequences, and gene expression profiles.

Hybridization techniques involve using molecular probes, labeled DNA or RNA sequences, to detect complementary sequences in target DNA or RNA samples, aiding in the identification and quantification of specific microorganisms.

Metagenomics is a technique that involves sequencing and analyzing the collective genomes of all microorganisms present in a sample, providing insights into the diversity, composition, and interactions within microbial communities.

Immunoassays are techniques that use antibodies to detect the presence of specific antigens, such as proteins or carbohydrates, in microorganisms, aiding in their identification and quantification.