Resilience is the ability of an ecosystem to recover from disturbances and maintain its structure and function.

Human activity is a major driver of change in alpine ecosystems, and can negatively impact their resilience.

Biodiversity contributes to the resilience of alpine ecosystems in a number of ways, including providing a buffer against environmental change, increasing the efficiency of nutrient cycling, and promoting the formation of stable soil structure.

Resistance is the ability of an ecosystem to resist disturbances and maintain its structure and function.

A long history of human disturbance can reduce the resistance of alpine ecosystems to disturbances.

High endemism reduces the risk of invasive species establishment, which can help to protect alpine ecosystems from disturbance.

Stability is the ability of an ecosystem to adapt to disturbances and maintain its structure and function.

A long history of human disturbance can reduce the stability of alpine ecosystems.

Low endemism reduces the risk of invasive species establishment, which can help to protect alpine ecosystems from disturbance.

Resilience is the ability of an ecosystem to recover from disturbances and maintain its structure and function.

A long history of human disturbance can reduce the resilience of alpine ecosystems.

High endemism reduces the risk of invasive species establishment, which can help to protect alpine ecosystems from disturbance.

Stability is the ability of an ecosystem to adapt to disturbances and maintain its structure and function.

A long history of human disturbance can reduce the stability of alpine ecosystems.

Low endemism reduces the risk of invasive species establishment, which can help to protect alpine ecosystems from disturbance.