Genetic engineering raises concerns about the commodification of life, as it could lead to the patenting of genes and the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for profit.

The principle of non-maleficence, which states that researchers should do no harm to animals, is the most commonly cited ethical principle in debates about the use of animals in research.

Environmental ethics is the term for the belief that humans have a moral obligation to protect the environment.

The principle of justice, which states that resources should be distributed fairly, is the most commonly cited ethical principle in debates about the allocation of scarce medical resources.

Biocentrism is the term for the belief that all living things have inherent value.

The principle of respect for persons, which states that human beings should be treated with dignity and respect, is the most commonly cited ethical principle in debates about the use of stem cells in research.

Anthropocentrism is the term for the belief that humans are the only species with moral standing.

The principle of justice, which states that resources should be distributed fairly, is the most commonly cited ethical principle in debates about the patenting of genes.

Ecocentrism is the term for the belief that the environment has inherent value.

The principle of non-maleficence, which states that researchers should do no harm to animals, is the most commonly cited ethical principle in debates about the use of animals in food production.

Zoomorphism is the term for the belief that animals have moral standing.

The principle of non-maleficence, which states that researchers should do no harm, is the most commonly cited ethical principle in debates about the use of GMOs.

Intergenerational equity is the term for the belief that humans have a moral obligation to protect the rights of future generations.

The principle of non-maleficence, which states that researchers should do no harm to animals, is the most commonly cited ethical principle in debates about the use of animals in testing cosmetics.

The precautionary principle is the term for the belief that the precautionary principle should be applied to environmental decision-making.