The collective views and attitudes of a population on a particular issue or topic.

The opinions of elected officials and government leaders.

The opinions of the media and journalists.

The opinions of special interest groups and lobbyists.

Informed and uninformed.

Rational and irrational.

Positive and negative.

Strong and weak.

A set of beliefs and values that guides political action.

A set of policies and programs that a political party supports.

A set of laws and regulations that govern a society.

A set of traditions and customs that a society follows.

Left and right.

Liberal and conservative.

Socialist and capitalist.

Democratic and authoritarian.

Public opinion is shaped by political ideology.

Political ideology is shaped by public opinion.

Public opinion and political ideology are independent of each other.

Public opinion and political ideology are mutually reinforcing.

It influences the decisions of elected officials.

It determines the outcome of elections.

It shapes the policies and programs of political parties.

All of the above.

It influences the decisions of elected officials.

It determines the outcome of elections.

It shapes the policies and programs of political parties.

All of the above.

Economic inequality.

Social justice.

Religious freedom.

Environmental protection.

All of the above.

Economic inequality.

Social justice.

Religious freedom.

Environmental protection.

All of the above.

Public opinion polls.

Focus groups.

Content analysis of media coverage.

All of the above.

Surveys of political attitudes.

Analysis of political speeches and writings.

Content analysis of media coverage.

All of the above.

Sampling error.

Non-response error.

Social desirability bias.

All of the above.

Protecting the privacy of respondents.

Avoiding bias in sampling and questioning.

Ensuring that respondents are informed about the purpose of the research.

All of the above.

To inform policy decisions.

To hold elected officials accountable.

To promote civic engagement.

All of the above.

The difficulty of measuring public opinion and political ideology accurately.

The influence of special interests on public opinion and political ideology.

The tendency of people to vote for candidates who share their own political ideology, even if those candidates are not the best qualified.

All of the above.