Lexical borrowing is the process by which words from one language are borrowed into another language.

Sushi, karaoke, and ramen are all examples of loanwords from Japanese into English.

Language contact is the process by which two languages influence each other's vocabulary.

Language convergence is the process by which two languages develop similar words for the same concept.

Language attrition is the process by which a language loses words.

The loss of words for traditional cultural practices, plants and animals, and body parts are all examples of language attrition.

Language expansion is the process by which a language gains words.

The addition of words for new technologies, cultural practices, and plants and animals are all examples of language expansion.

Sound change, phonological change, and phonetic change are all terms for the process by which a language changes its pronunciation.

The change from /k/ to /tʃ/, /θ/ to /d/, and /ŋ/ to /n/ are all examples of sound changes.

Grammatical change, syntactic change, and morphological change are all terms for the process by which a language changes its grammar.

The change from a subject-verb-object word order to a subject-object-verb word order, the change from a nominative-accusative case system to an ergative-absolutive case system, and the change from a prepositions to a postpositions are all examples of grammatical changes.

Semantic change, lexical change, and conceptual change are all terms for the process by which a language changes its meaning.

The change in the meaning of the word "gay" from "happy" to "homosexual", the change in the meaning of the word "nice" from "foolish" to "pleasant", and the change in the meaning of the word "awful" from "full of awe" to "terrible" are all examples of semantic changes.

Structural change, systemic change, and organizational change are all terms for the process by which a language changes its structure.