Pollution and environmental degradation can directly and indirectly harm human health through air, water, and soil contamination, leading to respiratory issues, waterborne diseases, and long-term health effects.

Biocentrism recognizes the inherent value of all living organisms, irrespective of their utility to humans, advocating for the preservation and protection of biodiversity.

The 'tragedy of the commons' refers to the situation where individuals acting in their own self-interest overuse shared resources, leading to their depletion and degradation.

Utilitarianism prioritizes the maximization of overall happiness or well-being as the primary moral consideration, aiming to produce the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

The precautionary principle advocates for taking preventive measures to avoid potential environmental harm, even in the absence of scientific certainty, to protect human health and the environment.

Deep ecology recognizes the intrinsic value of nature, independent of its usefulness to humans, and advocates for a radical shift in human values and attitudes towards the environment.

The polluter pays principle holds that those who pollute the environment should be responsible for paying the costs of cleaning up the pollution and restoring the environment to its original state.

Virtue Ethics focuses on the development of individual virtues and character traits that promote ethical behavior, rather than relying solely on rules or consequences.

The principle of non-maleficence is a fundamental ethical principle that prohibits causing harm to others, whether intentionally or unintentionally.

Intergenerational ethics focuses on the moral obligations that present generations have to future generations, particularly in terms of preserving the environment and ensuring sustainable development.

The principle of beneficence is a fundamental ethical principle that encourages individuals to actively promote the well-being and happiness of others.

Animal rights theory advocates for the recognition of the inherent rights of non-human animals, including the right to life, liberty, and freedom from suffering.

The Golden Rule is a fundamental ethical principle that encourages individuals to treat others the way they would like to be treated, promoting empathy and respect in human interactions.

Environmental ethics is a branch of ethics that focuses on the moral relationships between humans and the natural environment, exploring the ethical implications of human actions on the environment.

The principle of respect for autonomy emphasizes the importance of respecting the ability of individuals to make their own choices and decisions, without coercion or manipulation.