Rationalism, associated with philosophers like René Descartes, places a strong emphasis on reason and logical thinking as the primary means of gaining knowledge and understanding the world.

René Descartes is often considered the father of modern philosophy, known for his famous statement 'Cogito, ergo sum' ('I think, therefore I am') and his emphasis on individual consciousness and rational inquiry.

Empiricism, associated with philosophers like John Locke and David Hume, emphasizes the role of sensory experience and observation in acquiring knowledge and understanding the world.

John Locke's theory of 'tabula rasa' suggests that the mind is a blank slate at birth and is shaped entirely by experiences and sensory input.

Existentialism, associated with philosophers like Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus, emphasizes the importance of individual freedom, choice, and personal responsibility in shaping one's existence and meaning in life.

John Dewey, a prominent American philosopher and educational reformer, argued that the purpose of education is to develop critical thinking skills and the ability to reason effectively, enabling individuals to participate actively in a democratic society.

Constructivism, associated with philosophers like Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, emphasizes the importance of social context and cultural factors in shaping individual knowledge and understanding, suggesting that knowledge is actively constructed through interactions with the environment and others.

Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist and educational theorist, proposed the concept of 'zones of proximal development', referring to the range of tasks that a learner can accomplish with assistance but not independently, highlighting the importance of social interaction and scaffolding in learning.

Moral Education, also known as Ethics Education or Character Education, emphasizes the importance of developing moral character, ethical decision-making, and values in education, aiming to培养学生对正确与错误的理解，以及在不同情况下做出道德选择的能力。

Paulo Freire, a Brazilian philosopher and educator, argued that the purpose of education is to liberate individuals from oppressive social structures and empower them to transform their lives and society through critical consciousness and transformative action.

Humanism, a philosophical approach that emphasizes the value and potential of human beings, advocates for a well-rounded education that develops the intellectual, physical, and moral aspects of individuals, aiming to create well-rounded and fulfilled human beings.

Howard Gardner, an American psychologist and educator, proposed the theory of multiple intelligences, suggesting that individuals possess different types of intelligence beyond traditional academic abilities, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic intelligences.

Critical Pedagogy, associated with educators like Paulo Freire, emphasizes the importance of developing critical thinking skills, questioning assumptions, and empowering learners to challenge oppressive structures and work towards social justice.

Maria Montessori, an Italian physician and educator, argued that education should focus on developing the whole child, including their emotional, social, and physical well-being, in addition to intellectual development, emphasizing the importance of hands-on learning and a prepared environment.

Essentialism, associated with educators like William Bagley, emphasizes the importance of transmitting cultural heritage and traditional values to students, focusing on a core curriculum of essential knowledge and skills that are considered timeless and universally valuable.