In the 19th century, public health efforts were primarily focused on improving sanitation and hygiene to reduce the spread of infectious diseases.

Tuberculosis was the leading cause of death in the 19th century, accounting for approximately one-quarter of all deaths.

The germ theory of disease revolutionized public health by providing a scientific understanding of how diseases are transmitted and spread, leading to the development of effective prevention and control measures.

Improvements in sanitation and hygiene, such as the provision of clean water and proper sewage disposal, were key factors in reducing the incidence of cholera.

In the early 20th century, the public health movement focused on eradicating infectious diseases through vaccination campaigns, improved sanitation, and vector control.

Medicare, a health insurance program for the elderly and disabled, was enacted in the United States in 1965.

The Alma-Ata Declaration was a landmark document that called for the achievement of health for all by the year 2000 through the promotion of primary healthcare.

The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria was established in 2000 to provide financial support to countries for the prevention, treatment, and care of these three diseases.

The WHO's mission is to promote health, keep the world safe, and serve the vulnerable by providing leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and standards, articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical support to countries, and monitoring and assessing health trends.

Smoking cessation is the single most effective public health measure in reducing the incidence of cardiovascular disease.

Ischemic heart disease, commonly known as heart attack, is the leading cause of death globally, accounting for approximately 16% of all deaths.

The social determinants of health approach recognizes that health is influenced by a wide range of factors beyond individual behavior, including social, economic, and environmental factors.

The SDGs are a set of 17 interconnected goals adopted by the United Nations in 2015, aiming to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all.

Healthy People is a U.S. government initiative that sets national health objectives and provides guidance for public health programs to promote healthy behaviors and prevent chronic diseases.

The WHO's Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases aims to reduce premature mortality from noncommunicable diseases by 25% by 2025.