Loam is a textural class that contains a mixture of sand, silt, and clay in relatively equal proportions. The primary soil texture classes are sand, silt, and clay.

Weathering is the process by which rocks and minerals are broken down into smaller particles, creating the parent material for soil formation.

The A Horizon, also known as the topsoil, is the uppermost layer of soil and is characterized by the accumulation of organic matter and nutrients, giving it a dark color and fertile texture.

The USDA soil classification system primarily uses soil texture, which refers to the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay in the soil, to categorize soils into different classes.

Organic matter plays a crucial role in soil by enhancing nutrient retention, increasing water holding capacity, and improving soil structure, leading to better soil health and productivity.

Clear-cutting, the practice of removing all trees from a forest area, leaves the soil exposed and vulnerable to erosion by wind and water.

Deforestation refers to the conversion of forest land to non-forest uses, such as agriculture, urbanization, or mining, resulting in the loss of forest cover.

Subsoiling is a soil management practice that involves breaking up compacted layers in the subsoil, allowing for better root penetration and water infiltration.

Excessive irrigation, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, can lead to the accumulation of salts in the soil, resulting in soil salinization and reduced soil productivity.

Crop rotation is a soil management practice that involves growing different crops in a sequence on the same land, providing various benefits such as disease and pest control, nutrient replenishment, and soil erosion reduction. It does not typically lead to increased soil acidity.

Land reclamation refers to the process of converting non-agricultural land, such as deserts, wetlands, or degraded land, into productive agricultural land.

Soil structure refers to the arrangement of soil particles into aggregates. Granular, prismatic, and platy are all types of soil structure, while amorphous is not a recognized soil structure type.

The C Horizon, also known as the subsoil, is the layer of soil that is formed by the accumulation of weathered rock fragments and is located beneath the A and B horizons.

Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are macronutrients required by plants in large quantities for growth and development. Calcium is a secondary nutrient required in smaller amounts.

Contour farming is an agricultural practice that involves farming along the contours of the land, rather than up and down slopes. Its primary purpose is to reduce soil erosion by slowing down the flow of water and preventing the formation of gullies.