Corundum (α-Al₂O₃) is the primary crystalline phase in traditional ceramics, known for its high hardness and chemical stability.

The strong ionic bonding between atoms in ceramics contributes to their high strength and hardness, making them resistant to deformation and scratching.

Ceramics generally have low thermal conductivity, typically ranging from 1 to 10 W/mK, due to their strong interatomic bonds and lack of free electrons.

Porcelain is a type of ceramic with high electrical resistivity, making it a suitable material for electrical insulators and high-voltage applications.

In semiconducting ceramics, electrical conduction primarily occurs through electron hopping between localized states, rather than the free movement of electrons as in metals.

Ceramics can be transparent to visible light, making them suitable for optical applications where light transmission is required, such as lenses and windows.

The color of a ceramic material is primarily determined by the presence of dopant impurities or defects in the crystal lattice, which can introduce energy levels that absorb or reflect light of specific wavelengths.

Barium Titanate (BaTiO₃) is a piezoelectric ceramic that exhibits the ability to generate an electrical charge when subjected to mechanical stress, making it useful in sensors and actuators.

Ferroelectric behavior in ceramics arises from the alignment of electric dipoles within the material, primarily due to ionic polarization, allowing for the spontaneous polarization of the material.

Alumina (Al₂O₃) is widely used as a substrate material in electronic devices due to its low thermal expansion coefficient, ensuring minimal dimensional changes with temperature variations.

The dielectric constant of a ceramic material is primarily determined by its crystal structure, which influences the polarizability of the material and its ability to store electrical energy.

Silicon Carbide (SiC) is a ceramic known for its exceptional wear resistance and hardness, making it suitable for use in cutting tools, abrasives, and high-temperature applications.

Superconductivity in ceramics is primarily attributed to the formation of Cooper pairs, which are pairs of electrons that exhibit zero electrical resistance below a critical temperature.

Zirconia (ZrO₂) is renowned for its high thermal shock resistance and is commonly used in high-temperature applications, such as rocket nozzles and heat shields, where it can withstand extreme temperature fluctuations.