Karst landscapes are formed primarily through the dissolution of soluble rocks, such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum, by water.

Sinkholes are depressions in the ground caused by the collapse of underlying caves or the dissolution of soluble bedrock.

Percolation refers to the downward movement of water through soil and rock layers.

The Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico is renowned for its extensive cave systems, including the world-famous Sistema Sac Actun.

Speleogenesis refers to the processes that lead to the formation of caves and other subterranean features in karst landscapes.

Vauclusian springs are characterized by a sudden and powerful discharge of groundwater from a cave or underground channel.

Runoff refers to the flow of water over the land surface, which can cause erosion in karst landscapes.

The Dinaric Alps region in southeastern Europe is known for its extensive polje landscapes, which are enclosed depressions surrounded by mountains.

Dissolution refers to the process by which water dissolves soluble minerals, such as calcium carbonate, from karst rocks.

Guilin, China is renowned for its spectacular tower karst landscapes, characterized by steep-sided hills and pinnacles.

Infiltration refers to the process of water entering the ground surface and moving into the subsurface.

Carlsbad Caverns National Park in New Mexico, USA is famous for its extensive underground river systems, including the Lechuguilla Cave.

Erosion refers to the process by which water, wind, and other agents wear away and transport sediment from the land surface.

Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park in Vietnam is known for its extensive cockpit karst landscapes, characterized by conical hills and steep-sided valleys.

Evaporation refers to the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas and enters the atmosphere.