In 1846, William Morton successfully demonstrated the use of ether as an anesthetic during surgery, marking a major milestone in the history of anesthesia.

In 1928, Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered penicillin, a substance produced by the Penicillium notatum fungus, which had antibacterial properties.

Excision refers to the surgical removal of a diseased or damaged organ, tissue, or growth from the body.

X-ray is a medical imaging technique that uses electromagnetic radiation to create images of the internal structures of the body.

Vaccination, pioneered by Edward Jenner in the late 18th century, played a crucial role in preventing smallpox.

Hippocrates, a Greek physician, is often regarded as the 'Father of Modern Medicine' for his emphasis on clinical observation, diagnosis, and treatment.

Jonas Salk developed the first polio vaccine in the 1950s, which significantly reduced the incidence of polio worldwide.

Gastrectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of a portion of the stomach, often performed to treat ulcers.

The discovery of antibiotics, particularly streptomycin, in the 1940s marked a major turning point in the treatment of tuberculosis.

Charles Hufnagel developed the first artificial heart valve in the 1950s, providing a new treatment option for patients with damaged heart valves.

The development of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in the 1990s significantly improved the prognosis of HIV/AIDS patients.

A pacemaker is a medical device implanted in the chest to regulate heart rhythm and prevent sudden cardiac arrest.

The development of chemotherapy in the 1940s marked a significant advancement in the treatment of leukemia.

Cholecystectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the gallbladder, often performed to treat gallstones.

Quinine, extracted from the bark of the cinchona tree, was the first effective treatment for malaria.