Retributive theories of punishment focus on punishing offenders as a form of just desert, rather than seeking to deter crime, rehabilitate offenders, or incapacitate them.

Retributive theories hold that punishment is justified because it is deserved by the offender, and that the severity of the punishment should be proportional to the severity of the crime.

Critics of retributive theories argue that they are too harsh and cruel, that they do not deter crime, and that they do not rehabilitate offenders.

The just deserts theory is a retributive theory of punishment that holds that punishment is justified because it is deserved by the offender, and that the severity of the punishment should be proportional to the severity of the crime.

The just deserts theory holds that the primary purpose of punishment is to inflict suffering on the offender as a form of just desert.

Critics of the just deserts theory argue that it is too harsh and cruel, that it does not deter crime, and that it does not rehabilitate offenders.

Immanuel Kant is a prominent retributive theorist who argued that punishment is justified because it is deserved by the offender, and that the severity of the punishment should be proportional to the severity of the crime.

Kant argued that the primary purpose of punishment is to inflict suffering on the offender as a form of just desert.

Critics of Kant's retributive theory argue that it is too harsh and cruel, that it does not deter crime, and that it does not rehabilitate offenders.

The just deserts theory is a retributive theory of punishment that focuses on the offender's moral culpability, and holds that the severity of the punishment should be proportional to the offender's degree of culpability.

The just deserts theory holds that the severity of punishment should be determined by considering all of the relevant factors, including the harm caused by the crime, the offender's intent, and the offender's prior criminal record.

Critics of the just deserts theory's focus on moral culpability argue that it is too subjective, that it does not take into account the offender's circumstances, and that it does not deter crime.

The deterrence theory is a retributive theory of punishment that focuses on the harm caused by the crime, and holds that the severity of the punishment should be proportional to the harm caused.

The deterrence theory holds that the primary purpose of punishment is to deter future crimes by making the punishment severe enough to outweigh the benefits of committing the crime.

Critics of the deterrence theory argue that it is too harsh and cruel, that it does not rehabilitate offenders, and that it does not protect society from the offender.