Ion exchange is a widely used technology for removing heavy metals from water. It involves the exchange of ions between the water and a solid resin, which selectively binds to and removes the metal ions from the water.

Activated carbon adsorption primarily removes contaminants from water through physical adsorption. The activated carbon's porous structure and large surface area allow it to attract and hold various contaminants, including organic compounds, heavy metals, and pesticides.

Disinfection is a crucial step in water treatment to eliminate bacteria and viruses. It involves the application of chemical disinfectants, such as chlorine or chloramines, to kill or inactivate these microorganisms.

Reverse osmosis is a membrane-based technology that separates contaminants from water by applying pressure to force the water through a semipermeable membrane. The membrane allows water molecules to pass through while retaining larger molecules, including contaminants.

Ion exchange is an effective method for removing fluoride from water. It involves the exchange of fluoride ions with other ions, such as hydroxide or chloride ions, using a solid resin.

Coagulation and flocculation are processes used in water treatment to aggregate and settle suspended particles, making them easier to remove. Coagulation involves the addition of chemicals to destabilize the particles, while flocculation promotes the formation of larger flocs.

Activated carbon adsorption is widely used to remove dissolved organic matter from water. The activated carbon's porous structure and large surface area provide numerous sites for the adsorption of organic compounds.

Ultrafiltration is a membrane-based technology that separates contaminants from water by applying pressure to force the water through a semipermeable membrane with smaller pores than those used in reverse osmosis.

Ion exchange is an effective method for removing nitrates from water. It involves the exchange of nitrate ions with other ions, such as chloride or bicarbonate ions, using a solid resin.

Sedimentation is a process used in water treatment to allow suspended particles to settle out of the water under the influence of gravity. This process helps remove solids and other particles from the water.

Ion exchange is an effective method for removing arsenic from water. It involves the exchange of arsenic ions with other ions, such as hydroxide or chloride ions, using a solid resin.

Microfiltration is a membrane-based technology that separates contaminants from water by applying pressure to force the water through a semipermeable membrane with larger pores than those used in ultrafiltration.

Activated carbon adsorption is widely used to remove pesticides from water. The activated carbon's porous structure and large surface area provide numerous sites for the adsorption of organic compounds, including pesticides.

Filtration is a process used in water treatment to remove suspended particles, such as dirt, sediment, and microorganisms, from the water. This process helps improve water clarity and reduce turbidity.

Activated carbon adsorption is widely used to remove disinfection byproducts from water. The activated carbon's porous structure and large surface area provide numerous sites for the adsorption of organic compounds, including disinfection byproducts.