PIL aims to provide legal aid and representation to marginalized and disadvantaged individuals and groups who may not have the resources or means to pursue their legal rights through traditional litigation processes.

The case of Olga Tellis v. Bombay Municipal Corporation (1985) is widely regarded as the landmark case that established the concept of PIL in India. In this case, the Supreme Court recognized the right of public-spirited individuals and organizations to file petitions on behalf of those whose fundamental rights have been violated.

The Supreme Court of India plays a crucial role in PIL cases by hearing and deciding petitions directly, referring petitions to lower courts when appropriate, and issuing guidelines and directions to government authorities to ensure the protection of public interest.

Taxation matters are generally not considered to fall within the purview of PIL cases, as they involve disputes between individuals or entities and the government related to tax laws and regulations.

The 'locus standi' principle in PIL cases determines who has the legal standing to file a petition, ensures that only cases with merit are admitted by the courts, and prevents frivolous and vexatious litigation.

The case of People's Union for Civil Liberties v. State of Uttar Pradesh (1996) is a significant PIL case related to labor rights in India. In this case, the Supreme Court addressed the issue of bonded labor and directed the government to take steps to eradicate this practice.

The Bonded Labor System (Abolition) Act, 1976 was enacted with the primary objective of abolishing the practice of bonded labor in India, which involves the exploitation of individuals through debt bondage and forced labor.

Article 23 of the Indian Constitution prohibits forced labor and traffic in human beings, ensuring the freedom and dignity of all individuals.

Trade unions play a crucial role in protecting labor rights in India by representing workers in collective bargaining, providing legal aid and assistance in labor disputes, and organizing strikes and protests to demand better working conditions.

The Minimum Wages Act, 1948 is the primary legislation in India that regulates the minimum wages for workers in various industries and occupations.

The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 is a landmark legislation that prohibits discrimination in wages based on gender, mandates equal pay for equal work for both men and women, and provides for penalties for employers who violate the provisions of the Act.

The Factories Act, 1948 is the primary legislation in India that regulates the working conditions and safety of workers in factories, including provisions for ventilation, lighting, sanitation, and safety measures.

The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) plays a crucial role in protecting labor rights in India by investigating complaints of human rights violations, including labor rights violations, recommending measures for the prevention of such violations, and providing legal aid and assistance to victims of human rights violations.

Labor rights activists in India face several challenges, including lack of awareness among workers about their rights, exploitative practices by employers, and inadequate enforcement of labor laws.

International labor standards play a vital role in promoting labor rights globally by setting minimum standards for working conditions and labor rights, promoting fair competition among countries, and encouraging countries to adopt best practices in labor relations.