Mesopotamia, particularly the Babylonians, made significant contributions to astronomy, including the development of a calendar based on lunar cycles and the identification of constellations.

Early astronomical observations were primarily driven by religious beliefs and practices, as people sought to understand the movements of celestial bodies and their significance in relation to gods, spirits, and the afterlife.

The ancient Egyptians integrated astronomy into their religious beliefs in various ways, including associating celestial bodies with deities, using them for divination, constructing temples aligned with astronomical events, and seeking guidance from the stars.

Aristarchus of Samos was the first known Greek philosopher to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system, suggesting that the Sun, not the Earth, was the center around which the planets revolved.

The heliocentric model challenged the geocentric view that was supported by religious authorities, leading to debates about the nature of the universe and humanity's place in it. It also stimulated scientific inquiry and the development of new instruments and observational techniques.

Solar eclipses, lunar eclipses, meteor showers, and comet appearances have been observed and celebrated by various cultures throughout history, often associated with religious significance, cultural beliefs, and predictions about the future.

The discovery of the vastness of the universe through telescopes had a mixed impact on religious beliefs. While it led some to question the existence of a single creator, it also prompted religious traditions to adapt their teachings to accommodate new scientific knowledge, leading to a more nuanced understanding of divinity.

The heliocentric model of the solar system, proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus, challenged the geocentric view that placed Earth at the center of the universe. This discovery sparked a scientific revolution and led to a new understanding of the cosmos.

The ancient Chinese integrated astronomy into their religious practices and beliefs in various ways, including using astronomical observations to determine auspicious dates, believing in the influence of celestial bodies on human affairs, and constructing observatories for studying the night sky.

Comet appearances have been associated with religious prophecies, divine interventions, and eschatological beliefs in various cultures throughout history, often seen as harbingers of change or significant events.

The development of the calendar had a profound impact on religious practices and rituals in ancient civilizations, enabling the accurate prediction of religious festivals, facilitating the planning of agricultural activities, and determining auspicious dates for rituals and events.

The Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia. It is considered one of the five pillars of Islam and is associated with the concept of a sacred journey and spiritual purification.

The ancient Mayans integrated astronomy into their religious beliefs and practices in various ways, including constructing observatories and temples aligned with astronomical events, developing a complex calendar system based on astronomical observations, and believing in the influence of celestial bodies on human affairs and divine interventions.

The winter solstice, the shortest day of the year, has been associated with religious festivals, celebrations, and cultural traditions in various parts of the world, often marking the beginning of a new season or cycle.

The ancient Indians integrated astronomy into their religious beliefs and practices in various ways, including developing a sophisticated calendar system based on astronomical observations, believing in the influence of celestial bodies on human affairs and reincarnation, and constructing temples and observatories aligned with astronomical events.