Energy efficiency in building design and construction aims to minimize energy usage and associated costs while maintaining or improving occupant comfort and productivity.

Passive design strategies rely on natural elements and building features to reduce energy consumption, while energy-efficient appliances and equipment are active measures that consume energy.

The building envelope, including walls, roof, and windows, plays a crucial role in controlling heat transfer and maintaining comfortable indoor conditions.

The energy efficiency of a building's envelope depends on a combination of factors, including insulation, window design, and airtightness.

Thermal bridges are areas in the building envelope where heat can easily flow from one part of the building to another, leading to energy loss.

Active energy efficiency measures involve the use of technology and equipment to reduce energy consumption, while passive measures rely on natural elements and building features.

Energy-efficient lighting systems consume less energy while providing adequate illumination, leading to cost savings.

LEDs are highly energy-efficient lighting technology that consumes significantly less energy compared to traditional incandescent and halogen bulbs.

BEMSs are designed to optimize energy usage by monitoring and controlling various systems and equipment within a building.

A comprehensive energy efficiency strategy involves a combination of measures, including maintenance, renewable energy, and occupant engagement.

Green building certification programs aim to encourage the adoption of sustainable and energy-efficient design, construction, and operation practices.

Green building certification programs evaluate buildings based on various sustainability criteria, including energy efficiency, water conservation, and indoor air quality.

Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, help reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with energy production.

Solar PV systems, wind turbines, and geothermal heat pumps are all renewable energy technologies commonly used in buildings.

The integration of renewable energy systems in buildings faces challenges such as high initial costs, intermittency of renewable energy sources, and the need for skilled labor.