David Hume argued that the self is not a permanent, unchanging entity, but rather a collection of perceptions that are constantly changing.

Rene Descartes argued that the essence of the self is its ability to think. He famously stated, 'Cogito ergo sum,' which means 'I think, therefore I am.'

Judith Butler argued that the self is not a fixed, essential entity, but rather a performative identity that is constantly being shaped and reshaped by social interactions.

Immanuel Kant argued that the transcendental unity of apperception is the condition that makes it possible for us to have a unified and coherent experience of the world.

Paul Ricoeur argued that the self is a narrative that we construct about our own lives. He believed that we understand ourselves by telling stories about our experiences.

John Locke argued that the personal identity of a person is determined by the continuity of consciousness. He believed that we are the same person over time because we have a continuous stream of consciousness.

Martin Buber argued that the self is a relation between the 'I' and the 'Thou.' He believed that we only truly become ourselves when we enter into relationships with others.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty argued that the self is rooted in the body. He believed that our bodies are not simply objects that we possess, but rather that they are constitutive of our selves.

Michel Foucault argued that the self is a site of power relations. He believed that our identities are shaped by the discourses and practices of power that circulate in society.

Charles Taylor argued that the self is formed through dialogue with others. He believed that we develop our identities through our interactions with others and that our identities are shaped by the values and beliefs of the communities in which we live.

Friedrich Nietzsche argued that the self is a work of art. He believed that we should create ourselves as works of art and that we should strive to become more beautiful and more powerful.

Emmanuel Levinas argued that the ethical self is the self that is responsible for the other. He believed that we have an ethical obligation to care for and protect others, even if it means sacrificing our own interests.

Judith Butler argued that the self is a performative identity. She believed that we perform our identities through our actions and that our identities are constantly being shaped and reshaped by our performances.

Alasdair MacIntyre argued that the self is formed through storytelling. He believed that we understand ourselves by telling stories about our lives and that our identities are shaped by the stories that we tell.

Michel Foucault argued that the self is a site of resistance. He believed that we can resist the power relations that shape our identities by creating new ways of being and by refusing to conform to the norms and expectations of society.