In ancient Indian philosophy, the universe is believed to be composed of five elements: earth, water, fire, air, and ether.

In ancient Indian mythology, the four directions are associated with specific deities: Indra (east), Agni (southeast), Varuna (west), and Yama (south).

The Surya Siddhanta is an ancient Indian astronomical text that provides detailed information about the structure and movement of celestial bodies, including the sun, moon, planets, and stars.

Aryabhata, an ancient Indian astronomer and mathematician, proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system, where the sun is at the center and the planets revolve around it.

In Indian cosmology, a 'kalpa' represents a cosmic cycle, which consists of four yugas (ages): Satya Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dwapara Yuga, and Kali Yuga.

In Indian philosophy, 'maya' refers to the illusion or unreality of the material world, which is perceived as a veil that obscures the true nature of reality.

Adi Shankara, a prominent Indian philosopher, used the phrase 'neti neti' to describe the nature of Brahman, the ultimate reality, which is beyond all conceptualizations and descriptions.

Karma, in Indian philosophy, refers to the principle of cause and effect, where every action has its corresponding consequences, shaping an individual's destiny.

Nagarjuna, a renowned Indian philosopher, introduced the concept of 'sunyata' (emptiness) as the ultimate nature of reality, challenging the notion of inherent existence.

Dharma, in Indian philosophy, encompasses moral and ethical principles, religious rituals, social customs, and the duties and responsibilities of individuals within society.

In Indian cosmology, 'lokas' are cosmic planes or realms, each with its own characteristics and inhabitants, ranging from the physical world to higher spiritual realms.

Adi Shankara, through the concept of 'adhyasa,' explained the illusion of the self, where the individual mistakenly identifies with the body and mind, rather than the true Self.

Samsara, in Indian philosophy, refers to the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, where individuals are bound by their karmic actions and desires.

Tirthas, in Indian culture, are sacred pilgrimage sites, often associated with rivers, mountains, or temples, which are believed to possess spiritual significance and healing powers.

Moksha, in Indian philosophy, encompasses freedom from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, attainment of spiritual enlightenment, and union with the divine.