Phonemic orthography aims to create a direct and consistent relationship between the sounds of a language and the written symbols used to represent those sounds.

Korean is often cited as an example of a language with a highly phonemic orthography, where each letter or symbol consistently represents a single phoneme.

In phonemic orthography, a grapheme is the written symbol that represents a phoneme.

Japanese uses a combination of phonemic and logographic characters, known as kana and kanji, respectively.

Transcription is the process of converting spoken language into written form using a phonemic orthography.

The IPA is a phonemic orthography designed to represent the sounds of any spoken language.

Decoding is the process of converting written language into spoken form by recognizing the phonemes represented by the written symbols.

English is an example of a non-phonemic orthography, where the relationship between sounds and written symbols is not always consistent.

Graphology is the study of writing systems and orthographies, including their history, structure, and function.

Chinese uses a logographic orthography, where each character represents a word or morpheme, rather than a phoneme.

Mixed orthography refers to a writing system that combines phonemic and logographic characters.

Japanese uses a mixed orthography, combining phonemic kana characters with logographic kanji characters.

Adaptation refers to the process of modifying a writing system to suit the needs of a new language.

Cyrillic was adapted from the Greek alphabet to write Slavic languages.

Invention refers to the process of creating a new writing system from scratch.