Methodological naturalism is a philosophical approach that confines scientific inquiry to natural causes and explanations, without denying the potential existence of supernatural phenomena.

Isaac Newton is often hailed as the father of modern science due to his revolutionary work in classical mechanics and optics, including his formulation of the laws of motion and universal gravitation.

The Copernican Revolution, spearheaded by Nicolaus Copernicus, challenged the geocentric model of the universe and placed the Sun at the center, leading to a fundamental shift in our understanding of the cosmos.

Scientism refers to the belief that science is the only valid source of knowledge and that religious beliefs are irrational and unscientific.

Charles Darwin is renowned for his groundbreaking work on evolution, proposing the theory of evolution by natural selection, which revolutionized our understanding of the diversity of life on Earth.

Theistic evolution is the belief that God created the universe and set in motion the processes that led to the evolution of life, reconciling religious faith with scientific evidence.

Albert Einstein is widely recognized for his groundbreaking work on the theory of relativity, which transformed our understanding of the fundamental nature of space, time, and gravity.

NOMA (Non-Overlapping Magisteria) is the view that science and religion deal with distinct realms of knowledge and do not conflict with each other.

Francis Bacon is renowned for his contributions to the scientific method, emphasizing the importance of observation, experimentation, and inductive reasoning in scientific inquiry.

The Conflict Thesis asserts that science and religion are inherently at odds and that scientific progress inevitably leads to the decline of religious belief.

William James is widely recognized for his contributions to pragmatism, emphasizing the practical consequences and usefulness of beliefs rather than their truth or falsity.

Integrative Science seeks to bridge the gap between science and religion by exploring their commonalities and potential for mutual enrichment.

Carl Sagan was a renowned astrophysicist and science communicator who played a significant role in popularizing science and promoting scientific literacy.

NOMA (Non-Overlapping Magisteria) is the view that science and religion deal with distinct realms of knowledge and do not conflict with each other.

Edward Witten is a renowned theoretical physicist who has made significant contributions to string theory and other areas of theoretical physics.