Body language is a form of nonverbal communication that is not directly related to language itself, although it can be influenced by cultural norms.

Linguistic relativity, also known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, suggests that the structure of a language can influence the way its speakers conceptualize and perceive the world.

Cultural taboos often manifest in language through restrictions on word usage, topics of conversation, and forms of address.

Code-switching involves the flexible use of different languages, dialects, or speech styles depending on the social context and audience.

Creoles are languages that develop from the mixing of two or more languages, often in a post-colonial context. They are not directly influenced by culture in the same way that dialects, slangs, and pidgins are.

Ethnography of communication is a field of study that investigates the relationship between language and culture, focusing on how language is used in social interactions and how it reflects cultural norms and values.

Cultural values are often reflected in language through the use of specific words, phrases, and expressions that carry cultural significance.

Linguistic imperialism involves the imposition of one language over others, often through economic, political, or cultural power dynamics.

Biological evolution is not directly related to language change, although it can influence the physical and cognitive abilities that are involved in language production and comprehension.

Discourse analysis is a field of study that investigates how language is used in social contexts, including the analysis of text structure, the use of language to convey power and ideology, and the relationship between language and social interaction.

Written language is not a form of non-verbal communication, as it relies on the use of symbols to convey meaning.

Linguistic determinism, also known as the Whorfian hypothesis, suggests that the structure of a language can determine the way its speakers conceptualize and perceive the world.

Cultural practices are often reflected in language through the use of specific words, phrases, and expressions that carry cultural significance.

Language ideology encompasses the beliefs, attitudes, and values that people hold about language, including its role in shaping social identities, cultural values, and norms.

Translation is not a type of language contact that directly leads to language change, although it can facilitate the transfer of words and phrases between languages.