The Shakespearean sonnet, also known as the English sonnet, follows a specific rhyme scheme. It consists of three quatrains (four-line stanzas) and a final couplet (two-line stanza). The rhyme scheme for the quatrains is ABAB CDCD EFEF, while the couplet follows the GG rhyme scheme.

The Petrarchan sonnet, also known as the Italian sonnet, has a distinct structure and rhyme scheme. It consists of an octave (eight lines) followed by a sestet (six lines). The rhyme scheme for the octave is ABBAABBA, while the sestet can vary, commonly following a CDECDE or CDCDCD pattern. Petrarchan sonnets often explore themes of love, beauty, and nature, but they do not typically use enjambment, which is the continuation of a sentence or phrase from one line to the next without a pause.

The volta, also known as the turn, is a crucial element in a sonnet. It typically occurs between the octave and the sestet in a Petrarchan sonnet or between the third and fourth quatrains in a Shakespearean sonnet. The purpose of the volta is multifaceted. It can introduce a new theme or idea, provide a resolution to the conflict presented in the poem, or create a sense of surprise or revelation. The volta marks a shift in the poem's direction and tone, leading to a deeper exploration of the central themes.

Sonnets typically employ specific meters to create a rhythmic flow and structure. Iambic pentameter, consisting of five pairs of unstressed and stressed syllables, is the most common meter used in sonnets. Anapestic tetrameter, with four pairs of two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable, is also occasionally used. Spondaic hexameter, consisting of six pairs of stressed syllables, is not a common meter in sonnets.

The final couplet in a Shakespearean sonnet plays a crucial role in concluding the poem. It can serve multiple purposes. It may provide a summary of the main themes explored throughout the sonnet, offer a resolution to the conflict presented, introduce a new perspective or insight, or serve as a commentary on the preceding lines. The final couplet often provides a sense of closure and leaves a lasting impression on the reader.

Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare is widely recognized for its exploration of the themes of love and beauty. It begins with the famous line, "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" and proceeds to draw parallels between the beloved and various aspects of nature. The sonnet celebrates the beauty and virtues of the beloved, expressing the speaker's deep admiration and affection.

John Milton's sonnet, "When I Consider How My Light is Spent," explores the theme of the speaker's blindness and its impact on his ability to write poetry. The speaker laments his loss of sight and expresses his frustration at being unable to continue his literary pursuits. He reflects on the challenges he faces as a blind poet and questions his purpose and legacy in light of his condition.

In a Petrarchan sonnet, the octave (the first eight lines) serves to introduce the main theme or idea of the poem. It establishes the setting, introduces the characters or speaker, and presents the central conflict or question that will be explored throughout the sonnet. The octave sets the stage for the development of the poem's themes and ideas.

While sonnets can cover a wide range of topics, politics and social issues are not typically common themes explored in this genre. Sonnets are often associated with personal emotions, reflections, and introspective thoughts. They delve into themes such as love, loss, beauty, nature, and the human condition. Political and social issues, while important and relevant, are not as frequently addressed in the sonnet form.

The number 14 holds significance in the sonnet form because it represents the traditional number of lines in a Shakespearean sonnet. A Shakespearean sonnet consists of three quatrains (four-line stanzas) and a final couplet (two-line stanza), totaling 14 lines. This structure allows for a specific development of themes and ideas, with the quatrains building up to the volta (turn) and the couplet providing a concluding thought or resolution.

All of the poets mentioned, William Shakespeare, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and John Milton, are known for their extensive use of the sonnet form. Shakespeare is particularly renowned for his 154 sonnets, which explore various themes of love, beauty, and mortality. Browning's sonnets, such as the "Sonnets from the Portuguese," are celebrated for their passionate and introspective nature. Milton's sonnets, including "When I Consider How My Light is Spent," demonstrate his mastery of the form and his exploration of religious and philosophical themes.

The sestet in a Petrarchan sonnet serves multiple purposes. It can provide a resolution to the conflict or question presented in the octave, offering a sense of closure or understanding. Additionally, the sestet may introduce a new perspective or insight, expanding on the themes and ideas explored in the octave. It can also serve as a commentary on the preceding lines, reflecting on the emotions or thoughts expressed in the octave and providing a deeper level of contemplation.

The Spenserian sonnet, also known as the English sonnet, has a distinct structure and rhyme scheme. It consists of three quatrains (four-line stanzas) and a final couplet (two-line stanza). The rhyme scheme for the quatrains is ABAB BCBC CDCD, while the couplet follows the EE rhyme scheme. Spenserian sonnets often explore themes of love and beauty, but they do not typically use enjambment, which is the continuation of a sentence or phrase from one line to the next without a pause.

The rhyme scheme in a sonnet plays a significant role in enhancing the poem's structure, rhythm, and overall impact. It creates a sense of rhythm and flow by guiding the reader's ear through the lines. The rhyme scheme also helps to emphasize certain words or phrases, drawing attention to key ideas or emotions. Additionally, it contributes to the overall structure and unity of the poem by tying the lines together and creating a cohesive whole.

The Miltonic sonnet is not a common type of sonnet. The three most common types of sonnets are the Shakespearean sonnet, the Petrarchan sonnet, and the Spenserian sonnet. The Miltonic sonnet is a term sometimes used to refer to sonnets written by John Milton, but it does not have a distinct structure or rhyme scheme that sets it apart from other types of sonnets.