The Upanishads are a collection of ancient Sanskrit texts that form the core of Hindu philosophy. They contain discussions on metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and the nature of reality.

Adi Shankara was a 9th-century Indian philosopher who is considered one of the greatest exponents of Advaita Vedanta, a non-dualistic school of Hindu philosophy.

Samsara is the Sanskrit term for the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. It is a fundamental concept in Indian philosophy and is closely related to the concept of karma.

Moksha is the Sanskrit term for liberation from the cycle of Samsara. It is the ultimate goal of human life according to many Indian philosophical traditions.

Dharma is the Sanskrit term for ethical and moral duties. It is a central concept in Indian philosophy and is closely related to the concept of karma.

Nyaya is an Indian philosophical school that emphasizes the importance of knowledge and rational inquiry. It is one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy.

Vaisheshika is an Indian philosophical school that emphasizes the importance of perception and experience. It is one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy.

Samkhya is an Indian philosophical school that emphasizes the importance of the mind and consciousness. It is one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy.

Yoga is an Indian philosophical school that emphasizes the importance of meditation and spiritual practices. It is one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy.

Samkhya is an Indian philosophical school that emphasizes the importance of the mind and consciousness. It is one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy.

Vaisheshika is an Indian philosophical school that emphasizes the importance of perception and experience. It is one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy.

Samkhya is an Indian philosophical school that emphasizes the importance of the mind and consciousness. It is one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy.

Taoism is a Chinese philosophical tradition that emphasizes the importance of the Tao, or the Way. It is one of the three major philosophical traditions of China.

Empedocles was a Greek philosopher who is known for his theory of the four elements. He believed that the universe is composed of four fundamental elements: earth, water, fire, and air.

Democritus was a Greek philosopher who is known for his theory of atomism. He believed that the universe is composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.