The primary cause of glacier and ice cap melting and retreat is human-induced climate change, particularly the increase in greenhouse gas emissions, which leads to global warming and rising temperatures.

The Arctic region is experiencing the most significant glacier and ice cap melting and retreat due to the amplified warming effect known as Arctic amplification.

Glacier and ice cap melting contributes to sea-level rise as the melted water adds to the volume of the oceans.

Glacier and ice cap melting disrupts habitats and biodiversity, particularly in polar and high-altitude regions, as species adapted to these cold environments face habitat loss and altered ecosystems.

Glacial recession refers to the process of glacier and ice cap melting and retreat, characterized by the reduction in glacier mass and extent.

Positive feedback loops in glacier and ice cap melting involve processes that reinforce and accelerate the melting and retreat. For example, as glaciers melt, they expose darker surfaces that absorb more solar radiation, leading to further melting.

Thwaites Glacier in Antarctica is often referred to as the 'Doomsday Glacier' due to its potential to contribute significantly to sea-level rise if it collapses.

The impact of glacier and ice cap melting on freshwater availability varies depending on the region. In some areas, melting glaciers can provide additional freshwater resources, while in others, it can lead to water scarcity due to the loss of glacier-fed rivers and streams.

Calving refers to the process of ice loss from the edges of glaciers and ice caps, where large chunks of ice break off and fall into the ocean or a lake.

Glacier and ice cap melting decreases the Earth's albedo, which is the proportion of solar radiation reflected back into space. As white ice surfaces are replaced by darker surfaces, such as water or bare rock, more solar radiation is absorbed, contributing to global warming.

Ablation refers to the process of ice loss from the surface of glaciers and ice caps due to melting and evaporation.

Glacier and ice cap melting can disrupt ocean currents by altering the density and temperature of ocean water. This can have implications for global climate patterns and marine ecosystems.

Sublimation refers to the process of ice loss from the surface of glaciers and ice caps due to direct conversion from solid ice to water vapor.

Glacier and ice cap melting can release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as organic matter that was previously frozen in the ice becomes exposed and decomposes.

Accumulation refers to the process of ice gain on the surface of glaciers and ice caps through snowfall and accumulation.