Urbanization is the process of population concentration in urban areas, which typically results in the growth of cities and towns.

Urban areas are typically characterized by high population density, heterogeneity, and economic specialization.

Urban sprawl is the outward expansion of urban areas, typically characterized by low-density development and a reliance on automobiles.

Urban renewal is the process of improving the physical and social conditions of urban areas, typically through government intervention.

Gentrification is the process of replacing low-income residents with higher-income residents in urban areas, typically through the renovation of housing and other improvements.

Urban design is the planning and design of urban areas, typically involving the coordination of land use, transportation, and other infrastructure.

Principles of sustainable urban design include compactness, mixed-use development, transit-oriented development, and the use of green infrastructure.

Landscape architecture is the design of public spaces in urban areas, typically involving the use of plants, trees, and other natural elements.

Examples of sustainable urban design practices include using green roofs, installing solar panels, and reducing car dependence.

The process of making urban areas more inclusive and equitable is known as social justice planning, equity planning, or inclusive design.

Examples of social justice planning practices include providing affordable housing, investing in public transportation, and creating community gardens.

The process of involving residents in the planning and design of their communities is known as participatory planning, community engagement, or public participation.

Examples of participatory planning practices include holding public hearings, conducting surveys, and hosting community workshops.

The study of the social, economic, and environmental impacts of urbanization is known as urban sociology, urban economics, or urban geography.

Examples of research topics in urban sociology include the impact of gentrification on low-income residents, the relationship between urban density and social isolation, and the role of social networks in urban communities.