Political institutions are responsible for allocating resources, resolving conflicts, and maintaining social order within a society.

A constitution serves to establish the rules and procedures for governance, define the rights and responsibilities of citizens, and limit the powers of the government.

Democratic political systems are characterized by regular elections, protection of individual rights, and majority rule.

Political parties play a crucial role in representative democracies by nominating candidates for elections, developing and promoting policies, and representing the interests of their constituents.

First-past-the-post, proportional representation, and ranked choice voting are all common types of electoral systems used in democracies.

Legislatures are responsible for making laws, overseeing the executive branch, and representing the interests of citizens.

Federalism is a type of government in which power is shared between the central and regional or local governments.

The executive branch is responsible for implementing laws and policies, representing the country in foreign affairs, and commanding the armed forces.

A one-party state is a type of political system in which a single party holds all or most of the political power.

The judiciary is responsible for interpreting and applying the law, resolving disputes, and protecting individual rights.

Direct democracy is a type of political system in which citizens directly participate in decision-making.

Bureaucracies are responsible for implementing government policies and programs, providing administrative support to government agencies, and regulating various aspects of society.

Oligarchy is a type of political system in which power is concentrated in the hands of a small group of individuals or an elite.

Interest groups aim to influence government policies and decisions, represent the interests of a particular group or sector, and mobilize support for political candidates.

Monarchy is a type of political system in which a monarch holds the head of state position.