Political integration aims to create a unified political entity with a shared identity, common institutions, and a central authority.

Constructivism argues that shared values, norms, and identities are crucial factors in shaping political integration and cooperation.

Spillover refers to the process by which cooperation in one policy area leads to cooperation in other related areas, gradually deepening political integration.

The European Union is a political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe. Its goals include promoting economic integration, free trade, and political cooperation among its members.

NATO is a military alliance of North American and European countries that was established to provide collective security against the Soviet Union and its allies during the Cold War. It continues to play a significant role in maintaining regional security and stability.

Functionalism argues that economic interdependence, resulting from increased trade and specialization, creates a need for cooperation and coordination among states, leading to political integration.

Supranationalism refers to the transfer of decision-making authority from national governments to international organizations, which are independent of individual states and have the power to make binding decisions on their behalf.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. It provides a framework for negotiating trade agreements, resolving trade disputes, and promoting free trade among its member states.

Soft power refers to the ability of a state to influence the behavior of other states through diplomatic negotiations, persuasion, and the attraction of its culture, values, and policies.

Realism is a theory of international relations that emphasizes the role of power and national interest in shaping the behavior of states. It argues that states are primarily concerned with their own security and survival and that they will act accordingly in their foreign policy decisions.

Interdependence refers to the mutual dependence of states on each other for economic, political, or security reasons. It can be positive, when states benefit from cooperation, or negative, when states are vulnerable to the actions of other states.

The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization that was established to maintain international peace and security, promote human rights, and foster social and economic development.

Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries and peoples through trade, investment, technology, and culture.

Institutionalism is a theory of international relations that emphasizes the role of international institutions in promoting cooperation and reducing conflict among states. It argues that institutions can provide a framework for negotiations, facilitate communication, and enforce agreements.

Hegemony refers to the dominance of one state over others in terms of economic, political, and military power. It can be used to maintain a stable international order or to pursue the interests of the hegemonic state.