James Coleman is widely recognized for introducing the concept of social capital in his 1988 book, "Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital."

Bourdieu's theory emphasizes the cultural and symbolic aspects of social capital, arguing that it is embedded in social structures and institutions.

Putnam argues that social capital is primarily built on trust and reciprocity among individuals within a community.

Granovetter argues that weak ties, which are connections to people outside one's close social circle, are more likely to provide access to new information and resources.

Lin's theory of social capital includes structural, cognitive, and cultural dimensions, but not economic.

Social capital conversion refers to the process of transforming social capital into other forms of capital, such as economic or political resources.

Putnam's theory of social capital places a strong emphasis on the role of social capital in facilitating collective action and civic engagement.

Social closure refers to the process by which social networks become exclusive and restrict access to resources and opportunities.

While government policies and regulations can influence social capital, they are not typically considered to be a direct contributing factor to its formation.

Social capital bridging refers to the process of building connections between different social groups or communities, thereby increasing the diversity and inclusivity of social networks.

Coleman's theory of social capital places a strong emphasis on the role of social capital in promoting economic development and reducing poverty.

Social capital bonding refers to the process of building strong ties and relationships within a close-knit group or community.

Social capital is generally associated with positive outcomes, such as increased trust, cooperation, and civic engagement. Social isolation is typically considered a negative consequence.

Social capital linking refers to the process of building connections between different levels of society, thereby increasing the vertical integration and coordination of social networks.

Bourdieu's theory of social capital places a strong emphasis on the role of social capital in facilitating social mobility and educational attainment.