Dark Matter is primarily invoked to explain the observed gravitational effects in galaxies and clusters of galaxies, where the visible mass alone is insufficient to account for the observed motions and structures.

The rotation curves of spiral galaxies, where the observed rotational velocities of stars do not decrease as expected based on visible mass, provided the first strong evidence for the existence of Dark Matter.

Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) are one of the leading candidates for Dark Matter, due to their theoretical properties and compatibility with observations.

The Lambda-Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) model is the most widely accepted cosmological model, which includes Dark Matter as a significant component along with dark energy.

According to the ΛCDM model, Dark Matter constitutes approximately 27% of the total energy density of the universe, while ordinary matter makes up only about 5%.

Einstein Rings are circular or elliptical distortions of distant galaxies caused by the gravitational lensing of light passing through intervening Dark Matter distributions.

The primary challenge in detecting Dark Matter directly is its extremely weak interactions with ordinary matter, making it difficult to observe or measure directly.

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN is specifically designed to search for Dark Matter particles, by colliding high-energy protons and analyzing the resulting particles.

The LUX (Large Underground Xenon) experiment aims to directly detect Dark Matter particles by searching for interactions between Dark Matter and xenon atoms in a large underground detector.

Galaxy Rotation Curves are used to study the distribution of Dark Matter in galaxies by measuring the rotational velocities of stars at different distances from the galactic center.

The primary challenge in simulating Dark Matter in cosmological models is the uncertainty in its properties, such as its mass, interactions, and distribution, which makes it difficult to accurately model its behavior.

The Dark Energy Survey (DES) is a large-scale astronomical survey specifically designed to study Dark Matter and dark energy by measuring the expansion history of the universe.

The primary goal of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory is to study the formation and evolution of galaxies, including the role of Dark Matter in shaping galactic structures.

Galaxy Cluster Collisions are used to study the interaction between Dark Matter and ordinary matter by observing the dynamics of colliding galaxy clusters and the resulting distribution of Dark Matter.