C. V. Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for his discovery of the Raman effect, which is the inelastic scattering of light by molecules.

S. N. Bose developed the Bose-Einstein statistics in 1924, which describes the statistical behavior of particles with integer spin, known as bosons.

M. N. Saha developed the Saha equation in 1920, which describes the ionization of gases and is used to study stellar atmospheres.

J. C. Bose conducted pioneering research on plant physiology and invented several instruments for measuring plant responses.

Homi J. Bhabha discovered cosmic rays in 1936 and also made significant contributions to theoretical physics.

Albert Einstein, although not Indian, spent the last few years of his life in India working on the unified field theory, which aimed to unify the four fundamental forces of nature.

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar developed the Chandrasekhar limit in 1930, which is the maximum mass that a white dwarf star can have before it collapses under its own gravity.

Ashoke Sen is a theoretical physicist known for his work on black holes and string theory.

Juan Maldacena, although not Indian, developed the AdS/CFT correspondence in 1997, which is a duality between a theory of gravity in anti-de Sitter space and a conformal field theory.

Abhay Ashtekar is a theoretical physicist known for his work on quantum gravity and loop quantum gravity.

Amitabha Sen is a theoretical physicist known for his work on string theory and string field theory.

Harish-Chandra is a mathematician and physicist known for his work on representation theory and supersymmetry.

C. N. Yang, although not Indian, developed the non-Abelian gauge theory in 1954, which is a generalization of Abelian gauge theory and is used to describe strong interactions.

Sheldon Glashow, although not Indian, developed the Standard Model of particle physics in 1961, which is a theory that describes three of the four fundamental forces of nature and all known elementary particles.