Indigenous peoples are concerned about the loss of their traditional lands and resources, displacement from their ancestral homes, and pollution of water and air due to mining activities.

FPIC is a comprehensive concept that includes the right of Indigenous peoples to give or withhold consent to mining projects, the obligation of mining companies to obtain consent, and the principle that Indigenous peoples should be fully informed about the potential impacts of mining projects.

Indigenous peoples have cultural concerns about mining activities, including disruption of sacred sites and traditional practices, loss of cultural heritage and identity, and displacement from traditional lands and communities.

Indigenous peoples have environmental concerns about mining activities, including pollution of water and air, deforestation and habitat destruction, and loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services.

There are several international legal instruments that protect the rights of Indigenous peoples in relation to mining activities, including UNDRIP, ILO Convention 169, and the CBD.

Mining companies can adopt several best practices to address the concerns of Indigenous peoples, including engaging in meaningful consultation and dialogue, obtaining FPIC, and implementing measures to minimize environmental and cultural impacts.

Governments have a role to play in ensuring that the rights of Indigenous peoples are protected in relation to mining activities, including adopting and enforcing laws and regulations, establishing mechanisms for consultation and dialogue, and providing financial and technical assistance.

Indigenous peoples face several challenges in asserting their rights in relation to mining activities, including lack of legal recognition of Indigenous rights, discrimination and marginalization, and inadequate access to information and resources.

There are several success stories of Indigenous peoples in asserting their rights in relation to mining activities, including the Gwich'in people of Canada, the Sami people of Norway, and the Indigenous peoples of Ecuador.

There are several ongoing struggles of Indigenous peoples in relation to mining activities, including the Dakota Access Pipeline controversy, the proposed Pebble Mine, and the mining activities in the Amazon rainforest.

Individuals and organizations can support the rights of Indigenous peoples in relation to mining activities by educating themselves, supporting Indigenous-led organizations and initiatives, and advocating for laws and policies that protect Indigenous rights.

International organizations play a role in supporting the rights of Indigenous peoples in relation to mining activities by providing financial and technical assistance, advocating for Indigenous rights at international forums, and monitoring and reporting on the implementation of international legal instruments.

There are several emerging trends in the field of Indigenous rights and mining, including the increasing recognition of Indigenous rights in national and international law, the growing awareness of the environmental and cultural impacts of mining activities, and the emergence of new forms of Indigenous resistance and advocacy.

There are several challenges that remain in the field of Indigenous rights and mining, including the lack of implementation of international legal instruments, the ongoing discrimination and marginalization of Indigenous peoples, and the increasing demand for minerals and resources.

There are several hopeful signs for the future of Indigenous rights and mining, including the growing awareness of Indigenous rights and the impacts of mining activities, the emergence of new forms of Indigenous resistance and advocacy, and the increasing recognition of the importance of Indigenous knowledge and traditional practices.