David Hume, in his work 'A Treatise of Human Nature', argued that historical events are not governed by any overarching laws or patterns, but rather by chance occurrences and the unpredictable actions of individuals.

Determinism is the belief that every event in history is the inevitable result of preceding causes, leaving no room for chance or unpredictable occurrences.

Chaos Theory suggests that small and seemingly insignificant events can have large and unpredictable consequences, highlighting the role of chance in complex systems.

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 is often seen as a pivotal event that triggered a chain of events leading to World War I, demonstrating the profound impact of seemingly random occurrences.

Great Man Theory posits that history is shaped by the actions and decisions of exceptional individuals, downplaying the role of chance and broader social forces.

Historicism is a school of thought that emphasizes the idea that history follows certain patterns or законы, allowing historians to identify trends and make predictions about the future.

Contingency in history highlights the idea that historical events are not predetermined and can be influenced by random factors and unpredictable circumstances.

Aristotle, in his work 'Nicomachean Ethics', argued that historical events are shaped by a combination of necessity (determined by natural laws) and chance (unpredictable occurrences).

Teleology is the belief that history has a purpose or goal towards which it is progressing, often associated with religious or philosophical views of history.

Path dependence in history emphasizes the idea that past events and decisions can have lasting effects on subsequent developments, shaping the course of history.

The discovery of America by Christopher Columbus in 1492 is often seen as an example of how chance encounters and unpredictable circumstances can have profound historical consequences.

Historical Materialism, as propounded by Karl Marx, emphasizes the role of class struggle and economic factors in shaping historical events, downplaying the influence of chance or individual actions.

Historical irony highlights the idea that historical events often lead to outcomes that are opposite to or different from what was intended or expected.

Hegel, in his work 'The Phenomenology of Spirit', argued that history progresses through a dialectical process where thesis (an idea or position) is challenged by its antithesis (its opposite), leading to a synthesis (a new and more comprehensive understanding).

The Cyclical Theory of History posits that history moves through recurring cycles of growth, decay, and rebirth, often associated with ancient civilizations and philosophies.