Petrochemicals is a related industry that uses petroleum-based raw materials to produce chemicals and plastics, but it is not a major segment of the petroleum industry itself.

Upstream companies are responsible for finding and extracting petroleum from underground reservoirs.

Refining is a downstream activity that converts crude oil into usable products such as gasoline and diesel fuel.

Downstream companies are responsible for refining crude oil into usable products and distributing those products to consumers.

Natural gas is a fossil fuel, but it is not a petroleum product. It is primarily composed of methane and is often found in association with petroleum deposits.

NOCs are government-owned companies that play a significant role in the petroleum industry, often engaging in exploration, production, refining, distribution, and regulation.

Chevron is an American multinational energy corporation, but it is not considered a major IOC. The other three companies are among the largest IOCs in the world.

OPEC is an intergovernmental organization that aims to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries, including regulating oil production and prices, promoting cooperation, and ensuring a stable supply of oil to consumers.

Latin America is not a major oil-producing region compared to the Middle East, North America, and Asia-Pacific.

Oil refineries perform all of these functions: separating crude oil into its various components, converting it into gasoline and other products, and removing impurities.

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is a polyester, not a petroleum-based plastic.

Oil and gas service companies primarily provide equipment and services to support exploration and production activities.

Geothermal energy is not a renewable energy source in the same way that solar, wind, and hydropower are. It relies on the heat from the Earth's core, which is not a renewable resource.

The petroleum industry faces multiple challenges in the transition to a low-carbon economy, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions, developing new technologies for carbon capture and storage, and finding new sources of fossil fuels.

Rising geopolitical tensions is not a major trend shaping the future of the petroleum industry in the same way that increasing demand for renewable energy, technological advancements, and environmental sustainability are.