Coral reefs are formed by the accumulation of calcium carbonate skeletons produced by tiny marine invertebrates called coral polyps.

Atolls are coral reefs that have a ring-shaped structure with a central lagoon. They are typically found in the open ocean, far from land.

Coral bleaching occurs when corals expel the symbiotic algae living in their tissues, causing them to turn white. This is primarily caused by rising sea temperatures, which can lead to coral death if prolonged.

Parrotfish play a crucial role in maintaining the health of coral reefs by consuming dead coral and algae, which helps prevent overgrowth and promotes coral growth.

The coral food web encompasses the complex network of trophic interactions among various organisms in a coral reef ecosystem, including producers, consumers, and decomposers.

Industrial runoff, containing toxic chemicals and pollutants, can contaminate coastal waters and harm coral reefs, leading to coral bleaching and degradation.

Coral resilience refers to the ability of coral reefs to withstand and recover from disturbances, such as bleaching events or storms, and return to a healthy state.

Whales, particularly humpback whales, are known to travel long distances and carry coral larvae on their bodies, facilitating the genetic connectivity of coral reefs.

Sunlight is the primary source of energy for most organisms in a coral reef ecosystem, supporting photosynthesis by symbiotic algae and driving the food web.

Fringing reefs are coral reefs that grow directly from the shoreline and extend seaward, forming a narrow, continuous structure.

Coral accretion refers to the process by which coral reefs grow and expand over time through the accumulation of calcium carbonate skeletons produced by coral polyps.

Anemonefish, also known as clownfish, form symbiotic relationships with sea anemones, living among their tentacles and receiving protection in return for providing food.

Coral spawning is the process by which coral reefs reproduce, involving the release of eggs and sperm into the water column, leading to the formation of new coral colonies.

Patch reefs are isolated, mound-shaped coral reefs that rise from the seafloor, typically found in shallow waters and often associated with seagrass beds or sandy areas.

Coral adaptation refers to the process by which coral reefs adjust and evolve over time to cope with changing environmental conditions, such as rising sea temperatures or ocean acidification.