The primary ethical concern associated with the neural basis of cognitive neuroscience is the potential for misuse of brain imaging technology. This technology could be used to discriminate against individuals, to invade their privacy, or to manipulate their behavior.

Brain imaging technology could be misused in a number of ways, including to identify and target individuals for marketing or political purposes, to create personalized advertising campaigns that are tailored to an individual's brain activity, and to develop new forms of mind control.

Researchers should keep in mind the need to obtain informed consent from participants, to protect the privacy of participants, and to avoid causing harm to participants.

There are a number of challenges to ensuring that brain imaging studies are conducted ethically, including the difficulty in obtaining informed consent from participants who may not be able to understand the risks and benefits of the study, the difficulty in protecting the privacy of participants when their brain scans are shared with other researchers, and the difficulty in avoiding causing harm to participants when brain imaging studies involve invasive procedures.

The ethical concerns surrounding the neural basis of cognitive neuroscience can be addressed by developing clear guidelines for the ethical conduct of brain imaging studies, educating researchers and participants about the ethical issues involved in brain imaging research, and advocating for policies that protect the privacy of brain imaging data.