GSS is primarily designed to capture and store excess energy generated from renewable sources, such as solar and wind, for later use when demand is high.

Flywheel energy storage is not a widely adopted technology for GSS due to its relatively low energy density and high cost compared to other options.

Pumped-storage hydroelectricity excels in providing long-duration energy storage, allowing it to discharge electricity for several hours or even days, meeting baseload demand.

Lithium-ion batteries are known for their fast response times, making them ideal for applications where rapid charging and discharging are essential, such as frequency regulation and load balancing.

CAES faces the challenge of significant energy losses during the compression and expansion processes, reducing the overall efficiency of the energy storage system.

When selecting a GSS technology, it is crucial to consider all three factors: energy density (amount of energy stored per unit volume), power density (rate at which energy can be charged and discharged), and round-trip efficiency (ratio of energy output to energy input).

Flow batteries have the unique advantage of storing energy in liquid electrolytes, which allows for easy scaling and flexible capacity expansion, making them suitable for large-scale GSS applications.

Lithium-ion batteries are widely used for backup power applications due to their high energy density, fast response times, and ability to provide reliable power for extended periods.

GSS plays a crucial role in balancing the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, by storing excess energy during periods of high generation and releasing it when renewable generation is low.

Large-scale GSS deployment may pose environmental concerns related to greenhouse gas emissions (if fossil fuels are used for energy generation), water consumption (for pumped-storage hydroelectricity), and land use requirements for certain technologies.

Inertial response refers to the ability of GSS to provide immediate frequency support to the grid by injecting or absorbing electricity within milliseconds, mimicking the behavior of conventional rotating generators.

Sodium-sulfur batteries offer high energy density and have a long lifespan compared to other battery technologies, making them suitable for applications requiring long-duration energy storage.

The integration of GSS into existing electricity grids faces challenges related to the high cost of GSS technologies, technical complexities in grid integration, and the need for supportive policies and regulations to promote investment and deployment.

Lithium-ion batteries are widely used for frequency regulation and load balancing due to their fast response times, ability to provide both charging and discharging services, and relatively low cost compared to other GSS technologies.

Discharging refers to the process of converting stored energy in GSS into electricity and releasing it to the grid or local loads.