Genetic engineering is the process of transferring genetic material from one organism to another, resulting in a genetically modified organism.

Cloning is the process of producing multiple genetically identical copies of an organism, typically through asexual reproduction.

A transgenic organism is an organism that has been genetically modified to contain genes from another organism, resulting in the expression of new traits.

Restriction enzymes are enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing for the manipulation and recombination of genetic material.

Hybridization is the process of combining genetic material from two different organisms to create a new organism with traits from both parents.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technology that allows for the rapid amplification of specific DNA sequences, enabling the detection and analysis of genetic material.

Transformation is the process of inserting a gene into a host organism, typically through the uptake of foreign DNA.

Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size, allowing for the analysis and identification of genetic material.

DNA sequencing is the process of determining the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule, providing information about the genetic makeup of an organism.

Southern blotting is a technique used to detect specific DNA sequences in a sample, allowing for the identification and analysis of genetic material.

Biotechnology is the process of using microorganisms to produce useful substances, such as antibiotics, enzymes, and biofuels.

Pharmaceutical biotechnology focuses on the development of drugs and vaccines using genetic engineering and biotechnology techniques.

Bioremediation is the process of using microorganisms to clean up environmental pollutants, such as oil spills and toxic chemicals.

Agricultural biotechnology focuses on the development of genetically modified crops with improved traits, such as resistance to pests and diseases.

Genetic engineering is the process of using genetic engineering techniques to modify the genetic makeup of an organism, resulting in the expression of new traits.