Modernism, which emerged in the early 20th century, advocated for a stripped-down aesthetic, emphasizing functionality and the use of new materials and technologies.

Le Corbusier, a Swiss-French architect, is widely regarded as the father of modern architecture. His influential book, 'Towards a New Architecture,' outlined the principles of modernism and inspired a generation of architects.

Biophilic design focuses on creating buildings and spaces that connect people with nature, promoting well-being and enhancing the overall quality of life.

Baroque architecture, prevalent in the 17th and 18th centuries, is known for its elaborate ornamentation, dramatic contrasts, and dynamic forms.

The principle of 'form follows function' is a core tenet of modernism, emphasizing that the design of a building should be driven by its intended purpose and functionality.

Postmodernism, emerging in the late 20th century, questioned the dominant paradigms of modernism, embracing eclecticism, irony, and a playful approach to design.

Christian Norberg-Schulz, a Norwegian architect and theorist, introduced the concept of 'genius loci,' highlighting the significance of considering the unique qualities and historical context of a site in architectural design.

Human-environment interaction explores the reciprocal relationship between individuals and their surroundings, examining how the built environment influences human behavior and well-being.

Brutalism, popular in the mid-20th century, is known for its raw and honest aesthetic, emphasizing the expressive potential of concrete and other industrial materials.

Universal design aims to create environments and products that can be used by people of all abilities, regardless of age, disability, or other factors.

Critical regionalism, emerging in the late 20th century, advocates for architecture that is rooted in the cultural and environmental context of a specific region.

Christopher Alexander, an Austrian-born architect and theorist, developed the theory of 'patterns,' which examines the recurring patterns and relationships that can be found in successful and harmonious built environments.

Ecological design focuses on creating buildings and spaces that minimize their environmental impact and promote a harmonious relationship between the built environment and natural ecosystems.

Postmodernism, emerging in the late 20th century, questioned the dominant paradigms of modernism, embracing eclecticism, irony, and a playful approach to design.

Jane Jacobs, an American-Canadian journalist and urban activist, wrote 'The Death and Life of Great American Cities' in 1961, which became a seminal work in urban planning and design.