Close-ups are often used to focus on the female body, objectifying it and reinforcing the male gaze.

Soft lighting is often used to create a sense of beauty and desirability around the female protagonist, reinforcing traditional gender stereotypes.

Deepa Mehta's 'Fire' (1996) is considered a landmark film for its portrayal of a lesbian relationship between two women, challenging societal norms and taboos.

Camera movement often follows the male protagonist's actions, reinforcing his dominance and control over the narrative.

Govind Nihalani's cinematography in films like 'Aakrosh' (1980) and 'Ardh Satya' (1983) challenged traditional gender roles by presenting complex and nuanced female characters.

Framing often positions the female protagonist in domestic spaces, reinforcing traditional gender roles and limiting her agency.

Gauri Shinde's 'English Vinglish' (2012) challenges traditional gender roles by presenting a female protagonist who breaks free from societal expectations and pursues her own dreams.

Color is often used to create a sense of mystery and intrigue around female characters, reinforcing their objectification and commodification.

Santosh Sivan's cinematography in films like 'Dil Se..' (1998) and 'Black' (2005) is known for its use of long takes that capture the emotional journeys of female characters.

Editing is often used to emphasize the emotional vulnerability of female characters, reinforcing traditional gender stereotypes.

Vikas Bahl's 'Queen' (2013) uses cinematography to critique the objectification of women in popular media, presenting a female protagonist who breaks free from societal expectations and embraces her own identity.

Sound is often used to create a sense of vulnerability and fragility around female characters, reinforcing traditional gender stereotypes.

Ravi K. Chandran's cinematography in films like 'Black' (2005) and 'My Name Is Khan' (2010) is known for its use of natural light to capture the beauty and resilience of female characters.

Mise-en-scène is often used to position the female protagonist in domestic spaces, reinforcing traditional gender roles and limiting her agency.

Neeraj Ghaywan's 'Masaan' (2015) uses cinematography to challenge traditional notions of masculinity, presenting male characters who are vulnerable, complex, and flawed.