Diamond is often referred to as the "King of Gems" due to its exceptional brilliance, hardness, and rarity.

Ruby and Sapphire are both composed primarily of the mineral corundum, which is a crystalline form of aluminum oxide (Al2O3).

Emerald is a green variety of the mineral beryl and is prized for its intense color and clarity.

Lapis Lazuli is primarily composed of the mineral lazurite, which is a silicate mineral containing sulfur, sodium, and aluminum.

Amethyst, a purple variety of quartz, is traditionally associated with the month of February and is often referred to as the "birthstone of love".

Turquoise is a hydrated copper aluminum phosphate mineral and is prized for its unique blue-green color.

Chrysoberyl is a gemstone that exhibits chatoyancy, or the "cat's eye" effect, due to the presence of parallel fibers within the stone.

Opal is a hydrated amorphous form of silica and is known for its unique play of colors and patterns, caused by the diffraction of light within the stone.

Garnet, particularly the red variety, is often associated with the month of December and is known as the "birthstone of passion".

Jade is primarily composed of two minerals: jadeite and nephrite. Jadeite is the more valuable and harder variety of jade, known for its intense green color.

Aquamarine, a blue variety of beryl, is often associated with the month of March and is known for its calming and soothing properties.

Moonstone is primarily composed of the mineral orthoclase, a potassium feldspar, and its adularescence is caused by the interference of light within the stone.

Citrine, a yellow-orange to reddish-orange variety of quartz, is often associated with the month of November and is believed to promote happiness and abundance.

Malachite is a copper carbonate mineral known for its vibrant green color and distinctive banding patterns.

Tourmaline, particularly the pink to reddish-pink variety, is often associated with the month of October and is believed to promote love and friendship.