Climate change is expected to have a disproportionate impact on vulnerable communities, such as low-income countries, indigenous peoples, and coastal communities, who are often the least responsible for greenhouse gas emissions.

The precautionary principle states that when there is a threat of serious or irreversible damage to the environment, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent or minimize the damage.

Carbon taxes and emissions trading schemes are designed to internalize the external costs of carbon emissions, which are the costs that are borne by society as a whole, such as the costs of climate change impacts and the costs of adapting to climate change.

The principle of distributive justice emphasizes the need to distribute the burdens and benefits of climate change mitigation and adaptation fairly, taking into account factors such as historical responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions, vulnerability to climate change impacts, and capacity to contribute to mitigation and adaptation efforts.

Providing financial assistance to developing countries to help them mitigate and adapt to climate change is ethically justified on the grounds of global cooperation and solidarity, as well as the recognition that climate change is a global problem that requires a global solution.

The principle of free, prior, and informed consent requires that indigenous peoples and local communities be given the opportunity to make decisions about climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts that affect their lands, territories, and resources, and that they give their consent to these efforts before they are implemented.

Promoting climate change education and awareness is ethically justified on the grounds that it empowers individuals and communities to take action on climate change, by providing them with the knowledge, skills, and motivation to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and support climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts.

The principle of intergenerational equity emphasizes the need to consider the interests of future generations in climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts, and to ensure that the actions we take today do not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Supporting research and development of renewable energy technologies is ethically justified on the grounds that it helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which is essential for mitigating climate change and protecting the environment.

The principle of cultural diversity emphasizes the need to consider the cultural and social dimensions of climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts, and to ensure that these efforts respect and promote cultural diversity and social justice.

Promoting sustainable consumption and production patterns is ethically justified on the grounds that it helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, conserve natural resources and biodiversity, and promote social justice and equity.

The precautionary principle emphasizes the need to consider the ethical implications of climate engineering technologies, and to proceed with caution in their development and deployment, given the potential for unintended consequences and the lack of full scientific understanding.

Supporting adaptation efforts in vulnerable communities is ethically justified on the grounds that it helps to reduce the suffering and harm caused by climate change impacts, protect human rights and dignity, promote social justice and equity, and foster resilience and adaptive capacity.

The principle of distributive justice emphasizes the need to consider the ethical implications of climate change policies on vulnerable communities, and to ensure that these policies do not disproportionately burden or harm vulnerable communities.

Supporting international cooperation on climate change is ethically justified on the grounds that it helps to address the global nature of climate change, promote global solidarity and cooperation, ensure a just and equitable distribution of the burdens and benefits of climate change mitigation and adaptation, and foster a sense of global citizenship and responsibility.