The term 'self' in philosophy typically refers to the individual's subjective awareness, thoughts, feelings, and identity.

Buddhism teaches that the self is an illusion or a construct of the mind, and that the goal of spiritual practice is to transcend the self and achieve enlightenment.

In Hinduism, Atman refers to the individual soul or self, which is believed to be eternal and unchanging.

Stoicism teaches that the self is a rational being capable of understanding and shaping its own destiny, and that the goal of life is to live in accordance with nature and reason.

In Christianity, the soul is believed to be the immortal part of an individual that survives death and continues to exist in the afterlife.

Social Constructivism emphasizes the idea that the self is a social construct shaped by interactions with others and the social context in which one lives.

In Islam, nafs refers to the soul or spirit of an individual, which is believed to be immortal and continues to exist after death.

Heraclitus, an ancient Greek philosopher, famously said, 'Everything flows,' emphasizing the idea that the self is a fluid and ever-changing entity.

In Judaism, neshama refers to the soul or spirit of an individual, which is believed to be immortal and continues to exist after death.

Rationalism emphasizes the idea that the self is a unified and coherent entity, and that knowledge can be gained through reason and logic.

In Sikhism, atma refers to the soul or spirit of an individual, which is believed to be immortal and continues to exist after death.

Empiricism emphasizes the idea that the self is a product of its environment and experiences, and that knowledge is gained through observation and experimentation.

In Taoism, wu wei refers to the principle of non-action or effortless action, which emphasizes the idea of letting things flow naturally and without interference.

Transcendentalism emphasizes the idea that the self is a transcendental entity that exists beyond the physical world and can access higher truths through intuition and spiritual experience.

In Confucianism, ren refers to benevolence or humaneness, which is considered to be the highest virtue and the foundation of all other virtues.