Urban areas are characterized by high population density, heterogeneity of population, and high levels of economic activity. Low levels of social interaction are not a characteristic of urban areas.

Agglomeration economies refer to the benefits that firms derive from locating in close proximity to each other, such as access to a larger pool of labor, specialized inputs, and knowledge spillovers.

Agricultural land use is typically not found in urban areas, which are characterized by high population density and intensive land use.

The Tiebout hypothesis suggests that individuals sort themselves into communities based on their preferences for public goods and services, such that each community provides a bundle of public goods and services that is consistent with the preferences of its residents.

Cycling is not typically considered a type of urban transportation in the context of urban economics and public policy, as it is not a motorized form of transportation.

The Alonso-Muth model is a theoretical framework that explains the spatial distribution of land use in urban areas, based on the assumption that individuals and firms choose their locations to minimize their transportation costs.

Rent control is not typically considered a type of urban development policy, as it is a policy that directly intervenes in the housing market rather than addressing the underlying economic and social factors that shape urban development.

The median voter theorem suggests that in a democracy, the outcome of an election will reflect the preferences of the median voter, who is the voter whose preferences are in the middle of the distribution of preferences among all voters.

Traffic congestion is not typically considered a type of urban environmental problem, as it is a problem related to transportation rather than environmental degradation.

The fiscalization of land use refers to the use of land use regulations to generate revenue for local governments, such as through zoning fees, impact fees, and property taxes.

Zoning is not typically considered a type of urban housing policy, as it is a land use policy that regulates the use of land rather than directly addressing the housing market.

The spatial mismatch hypothesis suggests that there is a mismatch between the location of jobs and the location of affordable housing in urban areas, which can make it difficult for low-income workers to access employment opportunities.

Zoning is not typically considered a type of urban economic development policy, as it is a land use policy that regulates the use of land rather than directly addressing economic development.

The NIMBY (Not In My Backyard) syndrome refers to the opposition of residents to the development of new housing or other land uses in their neighborhood, often due to concerns about negative externalities such as traffic congestion, noise pollution, or decreased property values.

Zoning is not typically considered a type of urban social policy, as it is a land use policy that regulates the use of land rather than directly addressing social issues.