Plastic is widely used for flexible packaging due to its lightweight, flexibility, and ability to provide a good barrier against moisture and oxygen.

The primary function of food packaging is to protect the food from contamination by microorganisms, moisture, oxygen, and other environmental factors that can cause spoilage and reduce shelf life.

Vacuum packaging, aseptic packaging, and modified atmosphere packaging are all commonly used methods to extend the shelf life of perishable food products by reducing the presence of oxygen and microorganisms.

Oxygen scavengers are used in food packaging to absorb oxygen from the package headspace, thereby reducing the amount of oxygen available for microbial growth and oxidative reactions that can deteriorate the food.

Ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) is a high-barrier packaging material that provides excellent protection against moisture and oxygen transmission, making it suitable for packaging products that require a long shelf life.

Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) involves replacing the air inside the package with a modified gas mixture, typically containing lower levels of oxygen and higher levels of carbon dioxide or nitrogen, to inhibit microbial growth and extend shelf life.

Aseptic packaging typically uses multilayer plastic materials, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and aluminum foil, to create a sterile environment for the food product and extend its shelf life.

Lower temperatures generally slow down the rate of chemical reactions and microbial growth, thereby extending the shelf life of food products.

Metal cans are commonly used for canning food products due to their ability to withstand high temperatures during processing and provide a hermetic seal to prevent contamination.

Antimicrobials are incorporated into food packaging materials to inhibit the growth of microorganisms on the surface of the packaging and prevent their migration into the food product.

Retort pouches are typically made of flexible plastic materials, such as polyester and nylon, which can withstand high temperatures during processing and provide a hermetic seal to prevent contamination.

Lower water activity (aw) reduces the availability of water for microbial growth, thereby extending the shelf life of food products.

Vacuum packaging typically uses flexible plastic materials, such as polyethylene and polypropylene, which can be heat-sealed to remove air from the package and create a vacuum.

Active packaging technologies involve incorporating functional materials into the packaging system to perform specific functions, such as releasing antimicrobial agents, absorbing oxygen, or controlling the release of flavors and aromas, to extend the shelf life and improve the quality of food products.

Aseptic cartons are typically made of paperboard laminated with plastic and aluminum layers, which provide a sterile environment for the food product and extend its shelf life.