Language contact is the process by which one language influences another. This can happen through borrowing, calquing, or code-switching.

Language shift is the process by which one language replaces another. This can happen when a new language is introduced to a community and becomes more widely used than the original language.

Language death is the process by which a language ceases to be spoken. This can happen when a language is no longer used by any living speakers.

Language revitalization is the process by which a language is revived or restored. This can happen when a community takes steps to promote the use of the language.

Borrowing is the process by which one language borrows words or phrases from another language. This can happen when two languages come into contact with each other.

Calquing is the process by which one language creates a new word or phrase by translating a word or phrase from another language.

Code-switching is the process by which speakers of two languages switch back and forth between the two languages in conversation.

Language convergence is the process by which two languages become so similar that they are essentially the same language.

Language divergence is the process by which two languages become so different that they are no longer mutually intelligible.

Language diffusion is the process by which a language is influenced by another language that is not in contact with it.

Language dominance is the process by which a language is influenced by a language that is spoken by a dominant group in society.

Language subordination is the process by which a language is influenced by a language that is spoken by a minority group in society.

Language convergence is the process by which a language is influenced by a language that is spoken by a group of people who are in close contact with each other.

Language diffusion is the process by which a language is influenced by a language that is spoken by a group of people who are not in close contact with each other.

Language dominance is the process by which a language is influenced by a language that is spoken by a group of people who are in a position of power.